📋 Indications & Clinical Dosage
*Biliary spasm, cholangitis, cholecystitis, cystitis, smooth muscle spasm, urinary spasm:*
ORAL: Adults: Initially 80 mg followed by 40-80 mg three times daily
BY IV INJ: Adults: 1-2 amp slowly 1-3 time daily. Can also be administered intramuscularly and intraarterially in peripheral arterial disease
Children: Not recommended.
⛔ Contraindications
Conditions like cardiac insufficiency, i & ii degree AV block, renal impairment, hepatic impairment, myasthenia gravis, paralytic ileus, pyloric stenosis, toxic mega-colon, and prostatic enlargement.
⚠️ Precautions & Warnings
Hypersensitivity to the drug, kidney dysfunction, Downs syndrome, elderly, gastro-esophageal reflux disease, diarrhoea, ulcerative colitis, autonomic neuropathy, acute myocardial infarction, hypertension, conditions characterized by tachycardia, abnormalities in biliary pathway, prolong use, if used with antibiotics such as lincomycin and rifampicin.
🔄 Drug Interactions
Amantadine, digoxin, phenothiazines atenolol, tricyclic antidepressants.
⚠️ Adverse Reactions / Side Effects
Porphyria, dizziness, vertigo, headache, nausea, vomiting, palpitation, constipation, insomnia, dry mouth, hypotension, confusion (particularly. in the elderly), nausea, vomiting, and giddiness. Very rarely, angle-closure glaucoma may occur.
🤰 Pregnancy & Lactation Safety
Pregnancy Risk:
Contraindicated
Lactation / Breastfeeding:
Caution advised
📚 Official Regulatory & Clinical References
- Drug Regulatory Authority of Pakistan (DRAP): Drug Registration, S.R.O. Price Gazettes & National Essential Medicines List (NEML).
- World Health Organization (WHO): Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics Methodology (ATC/DDD Index).
- Formulary Standards: British National Formulary (BNF) & Pakistan National Formulary (PNF) guidelines.