📋 Indications & Clinical Dosage
*Visceral Spasm and painful conditions of the gastrointestinal, genitourinary and biliary tracts, Rhinitis:*
DROPS: Adults: 20-40 drops. Children: 1-10 yr, 10-20 drops. Dose may be repeated every 4 hourly.
TAB: Adults: 125-250 mcg may be given three to four times daily. Children: Not recommended.
⛔ Contraindications
Antimuscarinics are contra-indicated in myasthenia gravis (but may be used to decrease muscarinic side-effects of anticholinesterases), paralytic ileus, pyloricstenosis, toxic megacolon, and prostatic enlargement.
⚠️ Precautions & Warnings
Asthma, Downs syndrome, in children and in the elderly, gastro-esophageal reflux disease, diarrhoea, ulcerative colitis, autonomic neuropathy, acute myocardial infarction, hypertension, conditions characterized by tachycardia (including hyperthyroidism, cardiac insufficiency, cardiac surgery), pyrexia, and in individuals susceptible to angle-closure glaucoma, renal impairment.
🔄 Drug Interactions
Amantadine, atenolol, digoxin,
phenothiazines, tricyclic antidepressants.
⚠️ Adverse Reactions / Side Effects
Constipation, transient bradycardia (followed by tachycardia, palpitation and arrhythmias), reduced bronchial secretions, urinary urgency and retention, dilatation of the pupils with loss of accommodation, photo-phobia, dry mouth, flushing and dryness of the skin, confusion (particularly in the elderly), nausea, vomiting, and giddiness. Rare: Angle-closure glaucoma may occur.
🤰 Pregnancy & Lactation Safety
Pregnancy Risk:
Contraindicated
Lactation / Breastfeeding:
Caution advised
📚 Official Regulatory & Clinical References
- Drug Regulatory Authority of Pakistan (DRAP): Drug Registration, S.R.O. Price Gazettes & National Essential Medicines List (NEML).
- World Health Organization (WHO): Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics Methodology (ATC/DDD Index).
- Formulary Standards: British National Formulary (BNF) & Pakistan National Formulary (PNF) guidelines.