⛔ Contraindications
Acute respiratory depression, comatose patients, head injury and raised intracranial pressure (opioid analgesics interfere with pupillary responses vital for neurological assessment), risk of paralytic ileus
⚠️ Precautions & Warnings
Asthma (avoid during an acute attack), renal or hepatic impairment,convulsive disorders, debilitated patients and elderly (reduced dose),diseases of the biliary tract, hypotension, adrenocortical insufficiency and hypothyroidism (reduced dose), impairedrespiratory function (avoid in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), inflammatory bowel disorders,myasthenia gravis, obstructive bowel disorders, prostatic hypertrophy, shock, urethral stenosis
🔄 Drug Interactions
Alcohol, CNS depressants, anticonvulsants, an-ticoagulants.
⚠️ Adverse Reactions / Side Effects
Dizziness, drowsiness, dry mouth, dysphoria, euphoria, flushing, hallucinations, headache, biliary spasm, bradycardia, confusion, constipation, dependence, difficulty with micturition, miosis, muscle rigidityand respiratory depression (larger doses), nausea,oedema, palpitation, postural hypotension, pruritus, rash, sleep disturbances, sweating, tachycardia, ureteric spasm, urinary retention, urticaria, vertigo, visual disturbances, vomiting, adrenal insufficiency (long-term use), hyperalgesia and hypogonadism (long-termuse)