📋 Indications & Clinical Dosage
*Urinary frequency, Urinary urgency, Urinary incontinence, Neurogenic bladder instability:*
Adult: Initially 5 mg 2-3 times a day, increased if necessary up to 5 mg 4 times a day.
Children 5-11 yrs: Initially 2.5-3 mg twice daily, increased to 5 mg 2-3 times a day; 12-17 years: Initially 5 mg 2-3 times a day, increased if necessary up to 5 mg 4 times a day.
Elderly: Initially 2.5-3 mg twice daily, increased if tolerated to 5 mg twice daily, adjusted according to response.
*Nocturnal enuresis associated with overactive bladder:*
Children 5-17 yrs: 2.5-3 mg twice daily, increased to 5 mg 2-3 times a day, last dose to be taken before bedtime.
⛔ Contraindications
Obstruction of bladder of GI tract including intestinal atony, toxic megacolon, severe ulcerative colitis, myasthenia gravis, glaucoma.
⚠️ Precautions & Warnings
Autonomic neuropathy, hepatic or renal disease, hyperthyroidism, coronary artery disease, congestive cardiac failure, cardiac arrhythmias, tachycardia, prostatio hypertrophy, hiatus hernia.
🔄 Drug Interactions
Phenothiazines, amantadine, butyrophenones, levodopa, digoxin, tricyclic antidepressants, other anticholinergics.
⚠️ Adverse Reactions / Side Effects
Anticholinergic effects, facial flushing, anorexia, cognitive impairment (in adults). Rare: Night terrors
🤰 Pregnancy & Lactation Safety
Pregnancy Risk:
Avoid unless no safer alternative.
Lactation / Breastfeeding:
Contraindicated
📚 Official Regulatory & Clinical References
- Drug Regulatory Authority of Pakistan (DRAP): Drug Registration, S.R.O. Price Gazettes & National Essential Medicines List (NEML).
- World Health Organization (WHO): Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics Methodology (ATC/DDD Index).
- Formulary Standards: British National Formulary (BNF) & Pakistan National Formulary (PNF) guidelines.