📋 Indications & Clinical Dosage
*Short-term management of moderate to severe post-operative pain:*
BY IM OR IV INJ: Adults & Children 16 yr: Single Dose: 60 mg IM or 30 mg IV. Multiple Dose: 30 mg IV/IM every 6 hr. Max: 120 mg/day for 2 days.
Adult 65 yr or <50 kg: Single Dose: 30 mg IM or 15 mg IV. Multiple dose: 15 mg IV/IM every 6 hr. Max: 60 mg/day for 2 days.
💊 Mode of Administration
Administer IM injection slowly and deeply into the muscle, Analgesia begins in 30 min & max effect within 2 hours. Administer IV bolus over a minimum of 15 seconds; onset within 30 min; peak analgesia within 2 hours.
⛔ Contraindications
Coagulation disorders, asthma, renal impairment, hypovolaemia, dehydration, nasal polyps, angioedema, peptic ulcer, GI or cerebrovascular bleeding, haemorrhagic diathesis, aspirin/anti-inflammatory induced allergies, high risk of surgically-induced haemorrhage.
⚠️ Precautions & Warnings
Renal and hepatic impairment, GI disease, cardiac, or allergic disease, haemostasis, elderly
🔄 Drug Interactions
Anticoagulants, lithium, NSAIDs, methotrexate, probenecid, furosemide, oxpentifylline.
⚠️ Adverse Reactions / Side Effects
Abnormal liver function tests, GI disturbances, ulcers, bleeding wound, haemorrhage, drowsiness, acute renal failure, oedema, bronchospasm, anaphylaxis, pain at infection site.
🤰 Pregnancy & Lactation Safety
Pregnancy Risk:
Caution advised, avoid
Lactation / Breastfeeding:
Contraindicated or not recommended.
🧪 Compatibility & Storage Stability
Compatibility: Stable in D5NS, D5W, LR, NS.
Stability & Storage: Store at room temperature 15C-30C. Protect from light.
📚 Official Regulatory & Clinical References
- Drug Regulatory Authority of Pakistan (DRAP): Drug Registration, S.R.O. Price Gazettes & National Essential Medicines List (NEML).
- World Health Organization (WHO): Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics Methodology (ATC/DDD Index).
- Formulary Standards: British National Formulary (BNF) & Pakistan National Formulary (PNF) guidelines.