📋 Indications & Clinical Dosage
*Painful inflammatory conditions including osteoarthritis, postoperative trauma, sports injuries, ear, nose and throat disorders, dental surgery, bur-sitis/tendinitis, thrombophlebitis, pharyngitis:*
Adults: 100 mg twice daily. Children: Not recommended.
⛔ Contraindications
Active GI bleeding or ulceration, history of GI bleeding or perforation related to previous NSAID therapy, history of recurrent GI haemorrhage or ulceration, severe heart failure, moderate to severe hepatic impairment.
⚠️ Precautions & Warnings
Patients with renal impairment (particularly elderly patients), ischaemic heart disease, peripheral arterial disease, risk factors for cardiovascular events, ulcerative colitis (may be exacerbated), uncontrolled hypertension, renal or hepatic impairment, monitor on long--term therapy, asthma, congestive heart failure or cirrhosis or those patients who are volume or salt depleted.
⚠️ Adverse Reactions / Side Effects
Abdominal pain, angioedema, blood disorders, bronchospasm, colitis, Crohns disease, depression, diarrhoea, dizziness, drowsiness, fluid retention, GI bleeding and ulceration, GI disturbances, haematuria, headache, hearing disturbances, hypersensitivity reactions, nausea, nervousness, photosensitivity, raised blood pressure, rashes, renal failure (especially in patients with preexisting renal impairment)
🤰 Pregnancy & Lactation Safety
Pregnancy Risk:
Contraindicated in pregnancy.
Lactation / Breastfeeding:
Contraindicated
📚 Official Regulatory & Clinical References
- Drug Regulatory Authority of Pakistan (DRAP): Drug Registration, S.R.O. Price Gazettes & National Essential Medicines List (NEML).
- World Health Organization (WHO): Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics Methodology (ATC/DDD Index).
- Formulary Standards: British National Formulary (BNF) & Pakistan National Formulary (PNF) guidelines.