🩺 ACE INHIBITOR 🏷️ Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors
👨‍⚕️ Clinically Reviewed by: PakistaniBano Medical Editorial Board (Pharm.D Panel)
📅 Reviewed: November 2026 • 🔍 Authority: DRAP / WHO ATC
📦 Formulations, Pack Sizes & Retail Prices Currency: Rs.
Dosage Form Reg. No Pack Size Trade Price (TP) Maximum Retail Price (MRP)
Tab 1.25 mg 035569 28 Rs.131.75 Rs.155.00
Tab 2.5 mg 035570 28 Rs.187.00 Rs.220.00
Tab 5 mg 035571 28 Rs.236.30 Rs.278.00

📋 Indications & Clinical Dosage

*Hypertension:* Adult: Initially 1.25-2.5 mg once daily, increased if necessary up to 10 mg once daily, increased at intervals of 2-4 weeks. *Symptomatic heart failure (adjunct):* Adult: Initially 1.25 mg once daily, increased if tolerated to 10 mg daily in 2 divided doses, increase dose gradually at intervals of 1-2 weeks. *Prophylaxis after myocardial infarction in patients with clinical evidence of heart failure (started at least48 hours after infarction):* Adult: Initially 2.5 mg twice daily for 3 days, then increased to 5 mg twice daily, if initial dose not tolerated then 1.25 mg twice daily for 2 days, then increased to 2.5 mg twice daily, then increased to 5 mg twice daily, withdraw treatment if dose cannot be increased to 2.5 mg twice daily. *Prevention of cardiovascular events in patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease or with diabetes mellitus and an additional risk factor for cardiovascular disease:* Adult: Initially 2.5 mg once daily for 1-2 weeks, then increased to 5 mg once daily for a further 2-3 weeks, then increased to 10 mg once daily. *Nephropathy:* Adult: Initially 1.25 mg once daily for 2 weeks, then increased to 2.5 mg once daily for a further 2 weeks, then increased if tolerated to 5 mg once daily. Children: Not recommended.

⛔ Contraindications

History of angioneurotic oedema, aortic stenosis, outflow obstruction.

⚠️ Precautions & Warnings

Congestive heart failure; initiate therapy in hos-pital. Hepatic impairment; initiate therapy under close medical supervision, haemodialysis, renal impairment; reduce dose and assess renal function prior to and during treatment.

🔄 Drug Interactions

Antihypertensive agents, K+ sparing diuretics or K+ supplements, lithium.

⚠️ Adverse Reactions / Side Effects

Bronchitis, dyspnea, muscle cramps, stomatitis, syncope, angina, anxiety, arrhythmias, chest pain, depression, dry mouth, flushing, myocardial infarction, nervousness, palpitations, peripheral oedema, sweating, tachycardia, visual disturbances. Rare: Confusion, conjunctivitis, impaired hearing, onycholysis, tinnitus, tremor

🤰 Pregnancy & Lactation Safety

Pregnancy Risk:
Contraindicated in pregnancy.
Lactation / Breastfeeding:
Not recommended.

📚 Official Regulatory & Clinical References

  • Drug Regulatory Authority of Pakistan (DRAP): Drug Registration, S.R.O. Price Gazettes & National Essential Medicines List (NEML).
  • World Health Organization (WHO): Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics Methodology (ATC/DDD Index).
  • Formulary Standards: British National Formulary (BNF) & Pakistan National Formulary (PNF) guidelines.

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