🩺 BLOOD GLUCOSE LOWERING DRUGS, EXCLUDING INSULIN 🏷️ Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor
👨‍⚕️ Clinically Reviewed by: PakistaniBano Medical Editorial Board (Pharm.D Panel)
📅 Reviewed: November 2026 • 🔍 Authority: DRAP / WHO ATC
📦 Formulations, Pack Sizes & Retail Prices Currency: Rs.
Dosage Form Reg. No Pack Size Trade Price (TP) Maximum Retail Price (MRP)
Tab 25 mg — 14 — Rs.195.50 230.00
Tab 50 mg — 14 Rs.328.74 Rs.361.25
Tab 100 mg — 14 Rs.462.55 Rs.508.30
Tab 1000 mg — 14 — Rs.358.90 394.40

📋 Indications & Clinical Dosage

*Type 2 diabetes mellitus as monotherapy or in combination with metformin or a sulfonylurea, or pioglitazone (duel therapy), and in combination with both metformin and a sulfonylurea (triple therapy) to achieve adequate glycaemic control:* Adult: 100 mg once daily *Type 2 diabetes mellitus in combination with both metformin and pioglitazone, or in combination with insulin (withor without metformin) when insulin alone fails to provide adequate glycaemic control:* Adult: 100 mg once daily Dose of concomitant sulfonylurea or insulin may need to be reduced. Children: Not recommended.

⛔ Contraindications

Ketoacidosis, severe renal impairment.

⚠️ Precautions & Warnings

Elderly, renal impairment reduce dose to 50 mg once daily if eGFR 30-50 ml/minute/1.73m2, reduce dose to 25mgonce daily if eGFR less than 30 ml/minute/1.73m2.

🔄 Drug Interactions

Digoxin

⚠️ Adverse Reactions / Side Effects

GI disturbances, nasopharyngitis, pain, peripheral oedema, upper respiratory tract infection, anorexia, dizziness, drowsiness, dry mouth, headache, hypoglycaemia, cutaneous vasculitis, pancreatitis (discontinue) rash, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, osteoarthritis.

🤰 Pregnancy & Lactation Safety

Pregnancy Risk:
Contraindicated in pregnancy.
Lactation / Breastfeeding:
Not recommended.

📚 Official Regulatory & Clinical References

  • Drug Regulatory Authority of Pakistan (DRAP): Drug Registration, S.R.O. Price Gazettes & National Essential Medicines List (NEML).
  • World Health Organization (WHO): Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistics Methodology (ATC/DDD Index).
  • Formulary Standards: British National Formulary (BNF) & Pakistan National Formulary (PNF) guidelines.

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